Sophisticated CRISPR/Cas tools for fine-tuning plant performance

Over the last years, discovery of various natural and development a row engineered CRISPR/Cas nucleases have made almost every site plant genomes accessible for induction specific changes. Newly developed tools open up wide range possibilities genetic variability, from changing single bp to Mbps, thus fine-tune performance. Whereas early approaches focused on targeted mutagenesis, recently enable precise predefined genomic modifications. The use base editors allows substitution nucleotides, whereas prime gene targeting methods enables larger sequence modifications few bases several kbp. Recently, through CRISPR/Cas-mediated chromosome engineering, it became possible induce heritable inversions translocations in Mbp range. Thus, novel way breaking fixing linkages has come into reach breeders. In addition, sequence-specific recruitment factors involved transcriptional post-transcriptional regulation been shown provide an additional class fine tuning this review, we overview most recent progress field CRISPR/Cas-based tool genome engineering try evaluate importance these developments breeding biotechnological applications.